Genetibase - Software for your Scientific Success

Software development is definitely the most expensive business practice existing in the industry today. But, a new term called affordable software development is surfacing on the scene to cut down the overall cost of developing a software product. The target of saving cost on getting a software product developed is facilitated by outsourcing software projects to offshore companies. There are many companies in countries like India, China and Sri Lanka, which come to your rescue while you are looking for cheap software development.

Why Offshore Software Development is Cheap

There is a huge difference between the economies of offshore countries and countries like the USA and the UK. Needless to say, the later group has more currency value as compared to the former group. Thus, there is equivalent difference in standards of living and salaries paid to the labor in these two groups of countries. This is the reason that affordable software development goes well along with offshore countries. No matter whether you want custom software application development or any other form of development strategy, you will feel less pressure on your pocket.

Are There Any Added Advantages

Of course, the concept of affordable custom software development has more than a few advantages, apart from narrowing down the burden of spending more. Some of these advantages are:

    * The process of outsourcing software projects helps you to extend the message about your software product beyond geographical locations. Thus, you may ask the software development company to endorse the product in the existing market of its country.
    * Apart from affordable software development, you may also take the advantage of other facilities offered by the company like Search Engine Optimization, Internet Marketing and others, in case you have a website development project. This will help you to ask for further discount on the overall services offered by the company.
    * Also, there are no two opinions regarding the competence of affordable custom software developed by professionals from offshore countries.

In order to fulfill your requirement for Affordable Software Development, you must make sure that you are dealing with the right company. Otherwise, it may have a contradictory result, which may lead to great financial losses. So, be on the safer side and play a safe bet with companies involved in cheap software development.

So, if you are looking for a reliable company involved in custom software application development, then you can contact Digital Sabre, which offers these services at a reasonable price. The company has kept up the tradition of affordable software development in the true sense. The uniqueness of their Offshore Software Development services is the integration of an onshore local project management office with an offshore development team. This ensures continuous reliable communication with clients along with highly competitive proposals. Their project managers are seasoned skilled professionals that are dedicated to ensuring customer satisfaction. The company’s home office staff in Charlotte, NC provides easy local communication. They offer you cost effective solutions to enhance your business value. You can also visit the company’s website www.digitalsabre.net to feel the weight of these recommendations.

INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE

As a medical biochemist I have been working for many years side by side with medical doctors toward the same goal – to protect and heal patients from diseases. During my professional training program I got very basic knowledge of medicine, but I never understood why highly trained medical professionals were never taught anything about self-healing and the natural healing capacity of human beings. I asked myself why they were so uncomfortable with alternative (traditional) therapies and spirituality. Where are all the free thinkers in modern medicine that have the power to bring attention to alternative therapies?
My next question was; is modern medicine neglecting our natural mind-body connection? I hope, not. Although integrative medicine is gaining recognition by the medical establishment, the pace is much too slow. By the end of their training, many doctors feel that the compassion and spirit which drew them to medicine has been lost. Why is that?

To better understand the terms used in this article, I would like to give you a few definitions:

Modern medicine, also known as western, regular or conventional medicine, is focused mainly on the physical aspect of the body for treatment. Another name for modern medicine is allopathic medicine.

Alternative medicine, known as traditional or natural medicine, is a general term given to wide range of therapies, most of which are more than 100 years old. Alternative medicine takes a holistic approach, meaning that it does not involve only the physical body, but also considers the mind and spirit. It defines health as a state of complete balance between the mind, body, and spirit.

Integrative Medicine combines western and alternative approaches and supplements, but does not replace conventional therapy. Integrative medicine neither rejects conventional medicine nor accepts alternative medicine uncritically.

At the very beginning of the Integrative medicine era, many
physicians were faced with a huge dilemma: either they learn and incorporate alternative therapies into their practice or they ignore them. But to incorporate them was to take a risk, the risk of losing the trust and confidence of their patients who were accustomed to other therapies. Also, physicians didn’t want to violate the sacrosanct principle they were taught: “First, Do Not Harm”. They were afraid of trying something new or different because conventional science tells us that “alternative treatment can’t work because we don’t know how it works “!

The dilemma is understandable from a medical point of view.
Modern medicine wants everything to be explained scientifically and logically. That’s OK, but, on the other hand, there is a demand for alternative medicine, which people have tried and benefited from. How should one respond to huge demands for alternative methods? If alternative therapies work, and we know they do, then physicians need to consider them. Happily, they finally are doing so.

The medical profession is finally learning the ancient theory
that we cannot understand disease unless we understand the person who has the disease and accept the fact that the mind and body are bound together. Our minds and bodies are designed to stay in balance. The great majority of diseases for which patients seek medical help are in part psychosomatic, meaning that bodily symptoms are caused by mental or emotional disturbance.
Therefore, we need the help of science to deal with our health, but we also need to provide the patient with hope and faith in the treatment. Today’s MD’s should be emotionally and
scientifically competent to treat psychosomatic illness; if not
the patient will return with another problem! Do you know why?
Because no one looked into why he developed the illness in the first place!

Future generations of physicians need time to become familiar
with integrative medicine. Hopefully they will find the time to
better understand not only illness but also their patients.
Integrative medicine is one step closer to a better relationship
between patient and doctor.

We are glad that we now have Integrative medicine: a combination of alternative and western medicine, healing-oriented medicine. Integrative medicine considers the body, mind, and spirit, including lifestyle. This medicine uses conventional and alternative methods, bringing together the best of both worlds.

In many cases traditional healing methods were introduced to
western medicine by patients! They brought their own healing
traditions to their MD’s . Actually, they knew their tradition
had been effective for them in the past and they wanted to use them now!

Fortunately, they have found very gifted, open-minded doctors, who let them use their own healing traditions, but kept a watchful eye on the treatment to make sure they didn’t hurt their patients. And that’s how modern western medicine learned about traditional, alternative therapies. Bit by bit, modern medicine accepted the reality that western medicine can not offer all the solutions, yet it remains confident in modern science while accepting alternative treatments.

Integrative medicine use mind-body therapies such as meditation, spiritual healing, acupuncture, self-hypnosis, mindfulness, stress reduction, visualization, yoga, Tai Chi, body energy fields, reflexology, massage, guided imagery, prayer and many other alternative methods. Although we know for sure that our mind plays a positive role in the healing process, how it does so remains a mystery!

Yes, integrative medicine brought the patient’s attitude, spirit,
hope, faith, meaning and beliefs into medical offices, definitely
changing the western approach to healing. Integrative medicine is still surrounded with skepticism and controversy. In the near future, it needs to be implemented in medical schools and residencies, with more certificate courses for practicing physicians and other health professionals. The challenges are many, and the opportunities are great.

Integrative medicine is not only for the ill, but for those who
wish to increase their self-awareness, enhance their well-being, and help prevent health-related problems. In bringing meditation and other spiritual and alternative therapies into western medicine, medical professionals have changed the face of modern medicine.

Thankfully, after many years of denying alternative therapies,
modern western medicine is ready to accept mind/energy oriented therapies and other alternative treatments as powerful tools in their battle for people’s health. In this way patients and practitioners are partners in the healing process.

Today, physicians are more educated about alternative methods yet remain uncomfortable while practicing it. A new approach to medicine requires a new approach to medical education. However, this is changing because of newly introduced training programs in Integrative Medicine. The world of modern western medicine is changing every day for better, and that is good for patients.

It is my wish that alternative therapies will gradually play a
more important role in our current medical system.

Jahiel – Yasha- Kamhi
jasakamhi@hotmail.com

When you get sick, you go to the doctor. And the doctor will, of course, prescribe medicines. You will go and buy medicines. You take them, and hopefully, you get well. This is how the health profession goes on nowadays a cycle of diagnosis and prescription.If anyone were to give you herbs for medicine, you would probably say that that person was a quack but a few natural herbs can help relieve stress

But nowadays, studies are being conducted to see if there are really is any merit to what is called natural medicine.

Natural medicine is the use of natural methods, herbal medicines, and traditional practices to heal ailments. Every culture has a form of natural medicine. In ancient cultures, village medicine men served as the doctors of the community, passing on medical knowledge to the apprentices that followed them.

Many categories of the healing methods fall under natural medicine. Among these are traditional medicine, complementary medicine, and alternative medicine.

Usually, natural medicine refers to medical practices that were in place before the advent of modern medicine.

This includes herbal medicine, or phytotherapy, which is prevalent in Chinese, Ayurvedic(or Indian), and Greek medicine.

Upon the advent of modern medicine, many professionals discarded the use of herbs in favor of man-made medicine. The fact that these treatments are based on the healing properties of some herbs was forgotten.

For example, opium, digitalis, quinine, and aspirin all have their roots in traditional medicine.

Natural medicine can be considered as a lost art. This does not mean that it has lost efficacy over time. In some cases, natural therapy is actually better than modern medicine. This leads some doctors to seriously consider and study the possible uses of natural medicine

Before we continue, it is important to stress that not all the natural remedies are legitimate. It would help to only try those remedies which have been thoroughly studied and are relatively risk free.

Take herbal medicine for example. There are many well-documented and studied herbal remedies available. However, only those that deal with minor ailments such as cough, colds, fever, skin rashes, and its ilk are likely to be recommended by health professionals. These remedies are sometimes superior to synthetic medicine. This is because herbal medicines are less likely to cause negative side effects.

Currently there are numerous organizations that study the effects and advocacy of natural medicine among which is herbal medicine. Some governments and health agencies openly advocate the use of natural methods since they are inexpensive and relatively risk-free.

As their studies compile, more herbs and treatments are added to the list of accepted medicines. However, many herbs and treatments have been proven to be bogus medicine. This represents a challenge for both the user and the agencies because they have to ascertain that the treatments they either use or advocate are legitimate.

There exist today many alternative medical treatments that fall under natural medicine. However, not all of them have been proven to be effective. You could mention homeopathy, aromatherapy, acupuncture, and other alternative medical treatments. It would pay to consult the experts as to the legitimacy of these treatments.

Natural medicine should also be thought of as an accompanying medicine. Right now, the current collective medical thought suggests that natural medicine be used only to supplement accepted modern medical practices. In that case of minor ailments your expert we actually advise you to take natural therapies instead.

The practice of modern medicine revolves around diagnosing an illness and prescribing treatments for such. Natural medicine is helpful because it suggests that treatment be not necessarily given only when sick. Natural medicine strives to make each patient practice good health habits. These habits include good diet, healthy living, and the regular natural treatment.

It is this same line of thought that leads our parents to tell us to eat our vegetables. Yes, a healthy lifestyle and will do no harm to our well-being. And this is the foundation of natural medicine,may it be massage, herbal medicine, aromatherapy or others.

It is funny but true that science, in its quest for excellence, is studying the knowledge of sages past. This, surprisingly, leads us back to the remedies nature offers. The possibilities of finding remedies to everyday illnesses in natural medicine are encouraging. So staying tuned to studying these remedies is worthwhile until we can verify that these therapies are truly helpful to our health and our society.

In recent times, offshore software development has become the most sought after solution by both SME (small and medium enterprises) and leading industry players. It has become an ultimate means to delegate software projects to an expert offshore service provider, while the company can focus on its core competencies. This model has further enhanced the client businesses and given them highly cost effective solutions.

 

The offshore software development companies provide their clients with customized applications across the stages of SDLC (software development lifecycle). They act as partners and work on varied services from internal proposals and budgeting, to project approvals, project delivery, maintenance (including application porting) and quality support. The flexible offshore model allows companies to maximize their ROI (return on investment), reduce operational costs and maintain complete project control. Some of the most sought after solutions an offshore software development company offers:

 

Application development: Studies reveal that most companies actively seek out offshore software development centres for new application development. Custom application development with budgeted and cost effective resources services makes this as a highly sought solution. Technological experts in fields of .Net, Java or PHP programming work closely with their clients to provide them with a customized application.

 

Migration and Porting: An application porting is aimed to create a software application on a new target platform that works just like the original version, but makes itself available to a larger expanded market. Offshore software companies have an expertise with migration of complex applications and deploy them across platforms. Of late the industry has seen a surge in clients who seek to turn their legacy applications to .NET or J2EE. Another segment which is not far behind is the porting of databases from the older MS Access to Oracle, MySQL and SQL Server.

 

Maintenance of existing Software application: One of the benefits of software outsourcing is that the clients can focus on their core competencies. The service providers realize this crucial aspect and provide them with offshore software maintenance. It lets them outsource the routine software maintenance tasks, reduce software maintenance costs significantly and concentrate to the needs of their end customers.

 

QA & Testing: An outsourcing client expects a bug free and quality product.  The software vendors have a strong quality assurance approach backed with a SLA (service level agreement) to match to their client’s expectations. Offshore software companies offer a myriad of services such as functional testing, usability testing, compatibility and interoperability testing. Regression and installation testing coupled with Black and White Box testing add up to the range of services on offer. A comprehensive QA test plan is shared with the client to give him a feel of the environment and platforms the software application will be tested on.

 

Offshore software development and service is a huge pie. There are many players in the industry but only few have a rich experience across all sectors. Industry leaders have a host of technical experts of Java, .NET and PHP, who help their clients to evolve a world class product. A strong QA team adds in value by minimizing the defects and taking the product to the next level.

This is NOT medical advice! You should ALWAYS consult your physician before taking or changing your prescribed treatments and medications.

When you get sick, you go to the doctor. The doctor will, of course, prescribe medicine, you will go and buy the medicines and then you take them, and hopefully, you get well. This is how the health profession operates nowadays a cycle of diagnosis and prescription.

Probably, if anyone were to suggest herbs to be used as medication, you would think that person was a quack and didn’t know what they were talking about. But currently, studies are being conducted to see if there is actually any merit to what is called natural medicine.

Natural medicine is the use of natural methods, herbal medicines, and traditional practices to heal ailments. Every culture has a form of natural medicine. In ancient cultures, village medicine men served as the doctors of the community, passing on medical knowledge to the apprentices that followed them.

Many categories of healing methods fall under natural medicine. Among these are traditional medicine, complementary medicine, and alternative medicine. Usually, natural medicine refers to medical practices that were in place before the advent of modern medicine. This would include herbal medicine, or phytotherapy, which is prevalent in Chinese medicine, Ayurvedic(or Indian), and Greek medicine.

With the advent of modern medicine, many professionals discarded the use of herbs in favor of man-made medicine. The fact that these treatments are based on the healing properties of some herbs was forgotten. For example, opium, digitalis, quinine, and aspirin all have their roots in traditional medicine.

Natural medicine is considered a lost art. This doesn’t necessarily mean that it has lost efficacy over time. In some cases, natural therapy is actually better than modern medicine. This leads some doctors to seriously consider, and study, the possible uses of natural medicine.

Before I continue, it is important to stress that not all the natural remedies are legitimate. You would be well advised to only try those remedies which have been thoroughly studied and are relatively risk free.

There are many well-documented and studied herbal remedies available. However, only those that deal with minor ailments such as cough, colds, skin rashes, and its ilk are likely to be recommended by health professionals. These remedies are sometimes superior to synthetic medicine because herbal medicines are less likely to cause negative side effects.

There are numerous organizations studying the effects and advocacy of natural medicine among which is herbal medicine. Some governments and health agencies openly advocate the use of natural methods since they are inexpensive and relatively risk-free.

As the studies are performed and the reports compiled, more herbs and treatments are added to the list of accepted medicines. However, many herbs and treatments have been proven to be bogus medicine. This represents a challenge for both the user and the agencies because they have to ascertain that the treatments they either use or advocate are legitimate and safe.

There exists today many alternative medical treatments that fall under natural medicine. However, not all of them have been proven to be effective. You could mention homeopathy, aromatherapy, acupuncture, and other alternative medical treatments. It would pay to consult an expert in reference to the legitimacy of these treatments.

Natural medicine should also be thought of as an accompanying medicine. Right now, the current collective medical thought suggests that natural medicine be used only to supplement accepted modern medical practices. In the case of minor ailments, your expert will probably advise you to take natural therapies instead.

The practice of modern medicine revolves around diagnosing an illness and prescribing treatments for them. Natural medicine is helpful because it suggests that treatment should not necessarily be given only when you’re sick. Natural medicine itself strives to make each patient practice good health habits including good diet, healthy living, and the regular natural treatments.

It is this same line of thought that leads our parents to tell us to eat our vegetables. Yes, a healthy lifestyle and will do no harm to our well-being. And this is the foundation of natural medicine whether it is a massage, herbal medicine, aromatherapy or some other form of natural medical treatment.

It’s strange but true that science, in its quest for excellence, is studying the knowledge of ages past. This, surprisingly, leads us back to the remedies nature offers. The possibilities of finding remedies to everyday illnesses in natural medicine are encouraging.

So staying in tune with studying these remedies is worthwhile until we can verify that these therapies are truly helpful to our health and our society.

.NET application development has simplified development and customisation of various enterprise level applications. Usually referred to as .NET framework, this product comes as a part of Microsoft’s Windows Operating System. The .NET framework comes bundled with a lot of advantages, which makes it widely used tool for .NET application development.

.NET was rolled out in around 2002 and since then number of versions were developed each time added with several features and capabilities. Currently .NET version 3.5 is being used. Further development is still being continued and is believed to have advanced support facilities for Parallel Programs, Distributed Systems, LINQ Engine Parallel Implementation, and Task Parallel Library. .NET application development involves using chunks of functionalities from the pre-coded libraries. The .NET framework is a set of huge library that encompass various programming needs like user interface design, web development, data access, database connections, networking among many other algorithms. Thus the advent of .NET programming has simplified and made .NET application development very extensive. Let’s look at some important features of .NET framework:

Easy deployment – .NET framework facilitates easy installation of the .NET application taking care that no performance issues arise due to any of the earlier installed software and that it fits in with the new requirements without any much hindrances.
No language dependency – .NET application development in any .NET language is supported by each other’s instances, as .NET framework is built on a Common Type System.
Enhanced Security – .NET applications has a common security prototype for all the applications and effectively handles exposure to destructive software tools or utilities.
Portability -.NET application development became popular as it made using the same application on different platforms easy. Thus it can be easily implemented with third party tools running on different platforms.
Interoperability – .NET applications can work together with older versions of the application. .NET application development provides the feature of developing and executing programs out of .NET structure.
Base Class Library & Common Runtime Engine – these are the two most important aspects in .NET application development. The engine favors runtime interpretation and compilation. The library consists of classes that collectively bring together many common functions required in .NET application development.

Though it may seem the .NET application development got simplified with the easy to use features of the .NET framework, there are some drawbacks that one must considered. The shortcomings will help in understanding the scalability of the .NET framework. A significant drawback is the over utilization of system resources. Also the lapse time in .NET applications is slightly greater than in the applications developed in other environments because of the garbage collection, which result in temporary suspension of memory. Other drawback is that .NET framework is not pre-installed in earlier versions of Windows, thus a fresh requirement may be required in some cases.

 

Radix’s .NET Solutions of clients’ benefit pattern

Microsoft .NET is a technology that connects information, people, systems and devices. .NET connects a broad range of personal and business technologies, enabling the access and use of important information, whenever and wherever it is needed. Built on XML Web service standards, .NET enables both new and existing applications to connect with software and web application to the services across platforms, applications and programming languages. Radix helps clients? to design, develop and integrate business solutions based on the .NET platform. Radix’s Microsoft .NET team develops and delivers comprehensive solutions utilizing the full capability of .NET functionality. Experienced Microsoft certified software architects of Radix develop and consult work with you to understand your requirements and demonstrate the capabilities of .NET framework and develop the system to the requirement

 

Radix’s activity in .NET

Radix is in the practice of developing and maintaining Microsoft.NET based applications since many years. An efficient and highly skilled team, capable of handling the projects of Radix, is presenting itself as a strong contender for developing Microsoft.NET based application with considerable size and complexity. Striking features of Radix excel core requirements for healthy business achievement. Radix has been offering its domain expertise in Microsoft .net technology with the feature of Development Environment, Testing Server, Database, Source Controls, and Coding Standards

 

Radix helps their clients? to design, develop and integrate business solutions based on the .NET platform. Their Microsoft .NET team develops and delivers comprehensive solutions utilizing the full capability of .NET functionality. Their experienced Microsoft certified software architects develop and consult work with their clients to understand their requirements and demonstrate the capabilities of .NET framework and develop the system to the requirements.

 

Some of the key areas demonstrating their capabilities in this practice can be shortened as:

Microsoft .NET Solutions

Development Environment

Testing Server

Database

Source Controls

Coding Standards

Other Best Practices

Expertise

 

 

Microsoft .NET was built for integration through XML Web services using protocols and file formats such as SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol), WSDL (Web Services Description Language), and UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration). Our developers have done extensive work in ASP.NET, VB.NET, and C # by creating truly entire application integrating with in-depth implementation of MVC (Model View Controller).

Impact of Education on Ethno-Medicine and Health Care

Practices among the Tribal People of India

                                                                                   

 

We must protect the forests for our children, grandchildren and children yet to be born. We must protect the forests for those who can’t speak for themselves such as the birds, animals, fish and trees.

 

INTRODUCTION

 

            Anthropology as an integrated science of man deals with biological and cultural aspects of man. Presently anthropologists are more involved in applying their knowledge and techniques for human welfare.

            Ethno-medicine is a sub-field of medical anthropology and deals with the study of traditional medicines: not only those that have relevant written sources (e.g. Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ayurveda), but especially those, whose knowledge and practices have been orally transmitted over the centuries.

            In the scientific arena, ethno-medical studies are generally characterized by a strong anthropological approach, more than a bio-medical one. The focus of these studies is then the perception and context of use of traditional medicines, and not their bio-evaluation.

TRIBES IN INDIA

            The Indian sub-continent is inhabited by 88.2 million tribal populations belonging to over 577 tribal communities that come under 227 linguistic groups. They inhibit varied geographic and climatic Zones of the country. Their vocation ranges from hunting, gathering, cave dwelling nomadic to societies with settled culture living incomplete harmony with nature.

            Forests have been their dear home and totally submitted themselves to forest settings. Their relationship with the forest was symbolic in nature. They have been utilizing the resources without disturbing the delicate balance of the eco-system. Tribal thus mostly remained as stable societies and were unaffected by the social, cultural, material and economic evolutions that were taking place with the so called civilized societies. But this peaceful co-existence of the tribal has been disturbed in recent years by the interference in their habitats. Traditional communities living close to nature have, over the years acquired unique knowledge about the use of living biological resources. Modernisation, especially industrialization and urbanization has endangered the rich heritage of knowledge and expertise of age old wisdom of the traditional communities.

            A study on the utilization of local tribal revealed that they hold precious knowledge on the specific use of a large number of agents of wild plant and animal origins, the use of many are hitherto unknown to the outside world.

HERBAL HISTORY AND TRADITION IN INDIAN CONTEXT

          The Rigveda, the oldest document of human knowledge mentions the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of man and animals. Ayurveda gives the account of actual beginning of the ancient medical science of India, which according to western scholars was written between 2500 to 600 B.C. Charaka and Susruta wrote around 1000 B.C. Charaka concentrates more on medicine while Susruta deals with surgery in details along with therapeutics.

TRIBES AND ETHNO-MEDICINE

            Ethno-medicine refers to “those beliefs and practices relating to disease which are the products of indigenous cultural development and are not explicitly derived from the conceptual frame work of modern medicine” (Hughes, 1968, cited from Misra et al, 2003). Various institutions are now concerned with the traditional health care system and means of traditional treatment.

             The tribal people are the real custodians of the medicinal plants. Out of 45,000 species of wild plants, 7500 species are used for medicinal purposes. The World Health Organization (WHO) has been promoting a movement for ‘Saving plants for saving lives’. This is because of the growing understanding of the pivotal role medicinal plants play in providing herbal remedies to health maladies.

            India is the home of several important traditional system of health care like Ayurveda. This system depends heavily on herbal products. Several millions of Indian households have been using through the ages nearly 8000 species of medicinal plants for their health care needs. Over one and half million traditional healers use a wide range of medicinal plants for treating ailments of both humans and livestock across the length and breadth of the country. Over 800 medicinal plant species are currently in use by the Indian herbal industry.

            In recent times with the increased knowledge of life and culture of the tribal communities, the social scientists are taking interest in ethno-medicinal studies. Many works have been reported especially from among the rural and tribal communities of India (Choudhury, 1986; Bhadra and Tirkey, 1997; Sharma Thakur, 1997).Ray and Sharma (2005) have given a description of ethno-medicinal beliefs and practices prevalent among the Savaras, a tribal community of Andhra Pradesh.

            Kumari (2006) gave an account on the concept of illness and disease and the application of folk medicine among the Saureas of Jharkhand. However, ethno-medicinal studies are relatively less in Northeast India. Guha (1986) has reported from among the Boro-Kachari tribe of Assam. A glimpse of indigenous health practices among the plain tribes of Assam is given by Sharma Thakur (1999). The socio-economic condition of some of the tribes of Arunachal Pradesh and their problems of health and indigenous methods of treatment has been reported by Choudhury (2000), Duarah andPathak (1997), Kohli (1999), Bhasin (1997, 1999,2002, 2003, 2005).

ETHNO-MEDICINE AND HEALTH CARE PRACTICES AMONG SONOWAL KACHARIS IN ASSAM (INDIA)

 

            The Sonowal Kacharis is an endogamous group of Kachari tribe and a popular plain scheduled tribe population of Assam. Various types of locally available herbs and leaves of wild plants are used by them as medicine. Like many other communities of the region, there are few herbal specialists among the Sonowal Kachari. These specialists or medicine-men have considerable knowledge about the herbs and its medicinal use. Normally they learn about these medicinal plants and its uses from their ancestor. These medicine-men are referred by different term according to the cultural norms. Among the Sonowal Kachari’s they are called as Bez (Barua and Phukan, 1958: 334). Of course in rural Assam, they are mainly known by this term.

 

It has been observed in the villages that use of herbal medicine for curing certain diseases are quite known to the people and besides medicine-men, many elderly persons known about the use of herbal medicines. Some of the diseases and their indigenous methods of treatment are given below:

(1) Fever: Lime (Citrus auran tifolia) juice mixed with sugar is applied on the forehead of the patient to get relief from fever.

(2) Diarrhoea: Dry goose berry (Emblica officinalis) powder and black salt mixed with cold water is taken. Bark of Long Pepper (Pipoli tree) mixed with Misiri water is also used to cure the disease.

(3) Dysentery: Lime (Citrus auran tifolia) juicewith hot water and little salt is used in dysentery. The juice of black Tulsi leaves (Ocimum sanctum) and Sirata (Swertiachirata) is also used for the purpose. The juice of tender leaves (three numbers) of mango (Mangifera indica), black berry (S.cuminii) and goose berry (Emblica officinalis) (equal proportions) together with honey are mixed with goat milk and is taken to cure blood dysentery. Honey together with the juice of Dubari grass (Family-Gramineae) can cure blood dysentery and need to be taken for three/ four days. They also use a kind of wild herb, locally called Manimuni (Centila asiatica).The juice of this herb mixed with sugar or honey should be taken continuously for a month to cure the disease. They also use limewater (chun pani) mixed with juice of turmeric (Purcuma domestica) leave to get relief from blood dysentery and mucous.

(4) Blood Vomiting: A table spoon of carrot (Dancus carota) juice mixed with honey can cure blood vomiting.

(5) Liver Disease: Two to three raw or ripe Papayas (Carica papaya) daily can cure liver disease. A curry prepared from the bud of banana (Musa paradisiaca) and the meat of pigeon is also used as a medicine for the purpose.

(6) Jaundice: The medicine is prepared by pounding five or six number of Silikha (Myroballum) mixing with jaggery and it can cure jaundice. A glass of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) juice twice daily prescribed for the purpose. Boiled raw papaya (Carica papaya) is said to be good for curing the disease. Kardoi (Averrhoa carambola), Goose Berry (Emblica officinalis), Sugar cane (Saccharun officinarum), Neem leave (Azadirachta indica), a wild herb known as Duran ban (Lecas aspera), Brahmi sak (Herpestis monnieria), Purakol (Musa sapientum) are prescribed edibles for the patient.

(7) Nose Bleeding: Flower of Pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn) is crushed and 3-4 drops of juice is poured inside the nose to give immediate relief.

(8) Tonsilities: Juice is prepared by mixing one Amara seed (Sponolias mangifera), one Silikha seed (Mysoballum) and a piece of Turmeric (Purcuma domestica) and advice the patient gargles for a week regularly.

(9) Worms: Paste of five lemon seeds (Citrus aurantifolia) mixed with water and is prescribed to eat in empty stomach for a few days. The twigs of Chirata (Swertia chirata) are soaked in the water overnight and the water is prescribed to drink in empty stomach in the morning for one week regularly.

(10) Scabies: Lemon juice (Citrus aurantifolia) mixed with coconut oil is massaged for curing scabies. To remove scabies they take bath with hot water in which leaves of Neem (Azadirachta officinarum) were boiled. Twigs of Chirata (Swertia chirata) arecrushed into paste with water to be used as an ointment and applied on the skin. Chirata water is prescribed to drink in the morning in empty stomach.

(11) Pain in the Ear: Juice of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) is boiled and put it in the ears to heal earache.

            The patient is treated with available herbs, flora and minerals. Some of these are home remedies and some are specially prescribed by herbalist or folk medicine man available in the community. The practice of ethno-medicine is a complex multi-disciplinary system constituting the use of plants, spirituality and the natural environment and has been the source of healing for people for millennia. The spiritual aspects of health and sickness have been an integral component of the ethno-medicinal practice for centuries.

Diseases due to wrath of the supernatural

 

Disease

Supernatural agencies

Pujas (Rituals)

Dysentery, mental diseases, cancer

 

Deo

 

Propitiated by sacrificing two red cocks, one red hen, and one egg, besides other items of feast. Arrangement is made in the forest.

Asthama, Mental

Disease, cancer

 

Lord of water

 

Jalkhai puja, worshipped by sacrificing one white duck and other items of feast, rice, salt vegetables, etc.

Accident, sudden illness

 

Burah-dangoria

No sacrifice. Only raw items, e.g. gram, rice, powdered rice, etc. are offered to propitiate Burah-dangoria.

Gastritis

 

Ancestral spirits

Ai puja, no sacrifice is made except offering of raw articles, powdered rice, gram with betel nut and leaves.

 

Epidemic and natural calamities

Mother goddess

Community level worship by arranging bhur-utuwa puja. One pair of betel nut and leaf is offered from each family. One red duck is offered on behalf of the villagers. All the offered articles are placed in a boat.

Epidemic and large scale death of men and animals

 

Mother goddesses of forest.

A white goat is a must for the Puja besides other offering.

PRESENT POSITION OF TRIBES

          The tribal health care practices and system of treating diseases are based on their deep observation and belief in nature. But with the development of education and their awareness towards importance of health and health care and also with the advent of modern health care facilities, Government health measures these people are becoming more interested in taking modern medicine instead of traditional herbal medicine.   

SAVING THE PLANT IS SAVING THE LIFE

            According to the text of Vishnu Samhita, causing any harm to the plants/animals is a sin. Even purloining of parts/ products of any of these living beings is a crime. The sinner/ criminals are liable to chastisement in this life and also after death. The punishments are of diverse nature:-pecuniary, corporal, expiatory and donation of specific articles to Brahmins.

CONCLUSIONS

            The growing disinterest in the use of the ethno-medicinal plants and its significance among the younger generation of the tribes will lead to the disappearance of this practice. Educated younger generation of the tribes should be encouraged by the Government to protect and cultivate these valuable herbal plants before they get lost due to the impact of modernization and urbanization and also due to deforestation.

            The role of Anthropology is also very important in the field of saving herbal plants. By educating tribal people we can preserve all these things for future generation. It is the Government duty to take necessary steps to preserve all these things.

 

 

Reference:

Barua, I. and R. Phukan. 1990. “Socio-religious aspects of Health among Sonowal Kachari”. The Eastern Anthropologist, 55: 4.

 

 

Bhasin, Veena. 1997. “Medical Pluralism and Health Services in Ladakh.” J. Soc. Sci., 1: 43-69.

 

 

Bhasin, Veena. 1997. “The Human Settlements and Health Status of People of Sikkim”, (Pp. 153-187), in K.C. Mahanta (ed.), People of the Himalayas:Ecology, Culture, Development and Change. Delhi:Kamla-Raj Enterprises.

 

 

Bhasin, Veena. 1999. Tribals of Ladakh: Ecology, Human Settlements and Health. Delhi: Kamla-Raj Enterprises.

 

 

Bhasin, Veena. 2002. “Traditional Medicine among Tribals of Rajasthan.” J. Soc Sci., 6(3): 153-172.Bhasin, Veena. 2003.”Sickness and Therapy among Tribals of Rajasthan.” Stud. Tribes and Tribals, 1(1): 77 -83.

 

 

Choudhury, S. 2000. “Indigenous beliefs and Practices of herbal Medicine among the few Arunachalis”.Resarun, 26. 72-81, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh,Department of Cultural Affairs.

 

 

Das, B. M. 2007. “Sonowal Kachari Nigostiya parichya”, (Pp. 1-3) in M. Sonowal (ed.), Sonowal Saurav Smarak Granth. Assam: Sonowal Kachari SanskriticMahotsava.

 

 

Duarah, D. K. and S. D. Pathak. 1997. “A short note on the health care practices among the Nishis of Arunachal Pradesh. (Pp. 73-78) in F. Ahmed Dasand R. K. Kar (eds.), Health Studies in Anthropology. Department of Anthropology, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh.

 

 

Kumari, P. 2006. “Etiology and Healing Practices: A study in primitive societies of Jharkhand”, (Pp. 487-499) P. Dash Sharma (ed.), Anthropology of Primitive Tribes in India. New Delhi: Serial Publications.

 

           

Guha, A. 1986. “Folk medicines of the Boro-Kacharis –A Plain Tribe of Assam”, (Pp. 191-199) B. Choudhuri(ed.), Tribal Health. New Delhi: Inter-India Publications.

 

 

 

 

*****

.NET is Microsoft’s new Internet technology. .NET was originally called NGWS. NGWS – Next Generation Windows Services. .NET is a mixture of technologies, standards and development tools. The .NET infrastructure will be integrated into all Microsoft’s operating systems, desktop and server products. The term NGWS (Next Generation Windows Services) was used for Microsoft’s plan for producing an Internet-based platform.

 

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The .NET is built on the following Internet standards:

 

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Know more about .net

 

.NET is part of Microsoft’s new strategy to keep Windows the dominant operating system in the market, as computing begins to move away from desktop computers toward Internet enabled devices, such as hand-held computers and cell phones. The .NET plan includes a new version of the Windows operating system, a new version of Office, and a variety of new development software for programmers to build Web-based applications. The most visual components of the new .NET framework are the new Internet Information Server 6.0, with ASP.NET and ADO.NET support, Visual Studio.NET software tools to build Web-based software and new XML support in the SQL Server 2000 database. 

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Selecting a right software development company is really a tough job. The manager needs to check various aspects before finalizing the software development service provider to handover the project to them.

Prior to approach a software company to develop software, you need to work on some basic things like Identifying exact requirement, Analyzing the requirement as per end user point of view, Design a basic architecture or workflow.

After doing the basic analysis, you could approach some reputed software development companies with your specific requirements.

What things you should check with every software solutions provider?

You could choose a right software development company by analyzing the following factors.

A. Technology Expertise: Technology is the most changing factor in software industry. So selecting the suitable technology for the software application is also important. Therefore check out that in which technologies the company has expertise.

B. Timely Delivery: Timing is very important in software industry because you must launch your software product or service before your competitors. It will help you to achieve the big share in the market. So make sure that your software product / application will complete within the estimated time frame.

C. Quality of Service:

Error-free software creates the good image in the market. So test your software from user point of view to check the quality of software before putting it into market.

D. Support: Post software development support is the integral part of smooth functioning of the software application. Ensure that the company provides the proper software support system.

E. Past Experience: You should ask the software development work they have done before for other clients. Then you would be able to find out the strengths and weaknesses of particular Software Development Company and whether the company is able to fulfill your Software requirements or not.

Where should I get quality software development services?

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The .NET architecture can help businesses better leverage the software assets they already have, and more rapidly add new software services and make them productive. It can also be employed to reduce application complexity and the related costs of developing and maintaining software.

The recent years have seen India emerge as a global hub when it comes to outsourcing an entire gamut of IT services for technological agility, quality, flexibility, cost control, time-to-market with competitive advantage. A vast majority of the software development work is outsourced to various software development companies in India. ASP.net is one such field, where enterprises around the world look up to India for delivering quality services and solutions.

 

Going in for outsourcing of .Net development in India not only saves times for such enterprises but importantly, a significant amount of money as well. The trend is evident for the past few years now, as more and more companies are looking to outsource such services to India. One of the major advantages that a company gets while outsourcing such services to India, apart from the major amount of money that is saved is quality solutions.

This is so because; India has got a huge number of qualified and skilled manpower who are perfectly capable of delivering solutions when it comes to a wide array of software services. ASP.net is just one of the domain areas where Indian expertise is much sought after. ASP.net is perhaps one of the fastest growing areas in IT and it is not surprising that more and more technical up gradations are taking place in this particular field. This being the case, software developers also needs to be on their toes and keep in tune with the emerging international trends. India’s huge number of software professionals is doing just this and a lot more.

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• Migrating web and desktop applications to .NET

• Developing web services using the .Net framework and the SOAP toolkit

 

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Macronutrients

Origins and History

Food is the basic resource of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients that allow our body to do its daily performance. Our ability to eat foods and then extract the proper nutrients is what allows us to gain both energy and the building blocks for our immune system and other bodily functions. To understand human nutrition we must begin with the basics, that is, the building blocks and the chemical structure of food. Some reeducation is useful to help realize that many of the foods that we buy in food stores, fast food chains, and in health food stores may not actually be healthy for the human body. No longer may we overlook terms such as complex carbohydrates, simple carbohydrates, processed foods, refined grains, caffeine ingestion, alcohol consumption, and refined oils..(Macronutrients) Food intake and type have a profound effect on individual health. Although the ingestion of foods may not cause any acute deleterious effects on the health for humans, the long-term effects have been clearly documented in the literature. (Macronutrients)

As we cross the line into the new millennium, physicians and other health care providers need to consider how to effect change in our patients with less emphasis on the use of synthetic drugs and other chemical concoctions. Nutritional literature supports a growing realization that food could have a significant contributory factor in many of our chronic ailments of today, including cancer, collagen vascular diseases, arthritis, and even progressive aging. Our patients are spending billions of dollars on diets like high protein, low carbohydrate, low fat, low protein, Paleolithic, blood typing, zone, starvation, food pyramid, allergic disorder, caloric restriction, and juicing diets. Unfortunately, none of these specialized protocols is universally ideal. Individualized treatment and prescription of the appropriate diet is essential for the improvement for a patient’s nutritional status. (Macronutrients)

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Diabetics should look after their feet ( Alternative Medicine )

It is confirmed that the health of diabetic patient’s feet is very important and any injury or bruise, the size of a spot may cause problems right down to the bone and cause gangrene, so diabetics should take care of their feet from shoes to socks and nails to heels. Experts stated at a press conference that for diabetics the most vulnerable organ is their feet. The feet are the organs which are most exposed so when the flow of blood slows at the feet they start to lose sensitivity. An expert claims that even a little bruise might leave the feet more vulnerable to future injuries so diabetics should protect their feet:

”Your feet should be washed every night with warm water, be dried thoroughly and moisturised. After sports and walking, the underside of the feet should be checked with a mirror to ensure there are no bruises. Socks musn’t be too big or too small, musn’t be scrunched up or torn. Shoes should be made from soft leather, with smooth inside and not pointed or tapered at the front. Toe nails should be cut short. Nails should be cut straight across, not rounded.” ( Alternative Medicine )

Experts warn that if diabetic people don’t take these warnings seriously and don’t follow these guidelines they may lose their feet or legs, “treatment is too difficult and lengthy. If injuries don’t heal properly, even a little bruise the size of a spot can reach the bone and become gangrene and can cause loss of toes or whole feet.”

Alternative Medicine

In the world of computers, software plays very important role just as hardware. This was recognized by Microsoft in earlier stages. Looking for new ways to improve their software, Microsoft made its software efficient not only to users but to developers as well.

.Net architecture not only helps businesses to make their existing software assets powerful but also to add new software services making them more productive. It can also prove effective in reducing application complexity and the related costs of developing and maintaining software.

.Net application development has helped to simplify development and customize of various enterprise level applications. This product comes as a part of Microsoft’s Windows Operating System.  .Net framework comes bundled with a lot of advantages, which makes it a widely used tool for .Net application development.

The .Net is built on the following Internet standards:

• UDDI, standard to search and discover Web Services

• XML, format for exchanging data between Internet Applications

• HTTP, communication protocol between Internet Applications

• SOAP, standard format for requesting Web Services

Advantages of .Net Software Development Services:

• Easy integration of any software into the Internet

• Supports directory services that can answer XML based questions

• Permits a wide variety of Internet devices to access data and applications 

• Supports different levels of authentication of services such as passwords, wallets, and smart cards

• Ability to track visitors and report on the most requested web pages

The .Net framework is a set of huge library that encompasses various programming needs like user interface design, web development, data access, database connections, networking among many other algorithms. Hence the advent of .Net programming has simplified and made .Net application development very extensive.

Let’s look at some important features of .Net framework:

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Commercial .Net Services that can be provided to Businesses:

• .Net Software Product Development

• .Net Desktop and Web Application Development

• Web Services based .Net Application development

• .Net custom control development

• .Net system design and application development

• .Net Architecture and design evaluation

• Developing web services using the .Net framework and the SOAP toolkit

• Migrating web and desktop applications to .Net

• Migration of application from .Net

.Net helps to develop your business, by generating large volumes of data that contain valuable information like individual facts about their customers, products, operations and people. By using .Net technology, web software outsourcing helps your business to do better.

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Basic Principles of Complementary/ Alternative Therapies

JUST AS MAINSTREAM MEDICINE has a fairly consistent approach to illness, so does al-ternative medicine. Most prevalent in alternative medicine are the six naturopathic principles. In one form or another, these principles are revisited again and again throughout Section Two of this text. The following principles are described by Dr. Catherine Downey and excerpted from her chapter on naturopathic medicine.

1. The Healing Power of Nature (Vis medicatix naturae)

The body has the inherent ability to establish, maintain and restore health. The healing process is ordered and intelligent: nature heals through the response of the life force. The physician’s role is to facilitate and augment this process, to act to identify and remove obstacles to health and recovery, and to support the creation of a healthy internal and external environment. In short, give the body the appropriate tools and it will heal itself.

2. Treat the Whole Person (The multifactorial nature of health and disease)

Health and disease are conditions of the whole organism, involving a complex interaction of physical, spiritual, mental, emotional, genetic, environmental, and social factors. The physician must treat the whole person by taking all of these factors into account. The harmonious functioning of all aspects of the individual is essential to recovery from and prevention of disease and requires a personalized and comprehensive approach to diagnosis and treatment.

3. First Do No Harm (Primum no nocere)

Illness is a purposeful process of the organism. The process of healing includes the generation of symptoms, which are, in fact, an expression of the life force attempting to heal itself. Therapeutic actions should be complementary to and synergistic with this healing process. The physician’s actions can support or antagonize the actions of the vis mediatrix naturae; therefore methods designed to suppress symptoms without removing underlying causes are considered harmful and are avoided or minimized. Therapeutic actions are applied in an ordered fashion congruent with the internal order of the organism.

4. Identify and Treat the Cause (Tolle causam)

Illness does not occur without cause. Underlying causes of disease must be discovered and removed or treated before a person can recover completely from illness. Symptoms are expressions of the body’s attempt to heal, but they are not the cause of disease; therefore naturopathic medicine addresses itself promptly to the underlying causes of disease, rather than symptoms. Causes may occur on many levels, including physical, mental-emotional, and spiritual. The physician must evaluate fundamental underlying causes on all levels, directing treatment at root cause rather than at symptomatic expression.

5. Prevention (Prevention is the best “cure”)

The ultimate goal of naturopathic medicine is prevention. This is accomplished through education and promotion of lifestyle habits that create good health. The physician assesses risk factors and hereditary susceptibility to disease and makes appropriate interventions to avoid further harm and risk to the patient. The emphasis is on building health rather than on fighting disease. Because it is difficult to be healthy in an unhealthy world, it is the responsibility of both the physician and patient to create a healthier environment in which to live.

6. The Physician as Teacher (Docere)

Beyond an accurate diagnosis and appropriate prescription, the physician must work to create a health-sensitive, interpersonal relationship with the patient. A cooperative doctor-patient relationship has inherent therapeutic value. The physician’s major role is to educate and encourage the patient to take responsibility for health. The physician is a catalyst for healthful change, empowering and motivating the patient to assume responsibility. It is the patient, not the doctor, who ultimately creates or accomplishes healing. The physician must strive to inspire hope as well as understanding. Physicans must also make a commitment to their personal and spiritual development in order to be good teachers.

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Option AUTOSAVELOC

Information:Specifies the location of the Program Editor autosave file. If you want to autosave the SAS programs youare currently working on, this option has to be used.
Syntax: AUTOSAVELOC= “destination”Usage: options AUTOSAVELOC= “C:SASSas Codes”;Default: Enabled – 10 MinutesAdditional Info:To ensure that you do not lose any of your work in the Program Editor, SAS can automatically save yourfiles at an interval you specify. The interval can range from 0 (Autosave off) to 480 minutes. The defaultinterval is 10 minutes. The autosave file is saved as pgm.asv in the current folder or in the locationspecified by the AUTOSAVELOC system option.
To enable or disable autosave and set the interval:
Select Tools->Options->Preferences->Edit tab
Select or deselect Autosave every.
Set the interval by typing a number between 1 and 480 in the minute’s box.
You can also use the WAUTOSAVE command to enable, disable, and set the interval. WAUTOSAVE
INTERVAL=minutes will turn on autosave using minutes as the interval.

Option DATASTMTCHK

Information:It is possible to wipe out unintentionally an input data set when you omit a semicolon on the DATA statement. If the next statement is SET, MERGE, or UPDATE, the original data set is overwritten. Different, but significant, problems arise when the next statement is RETAIN. DATASTMTCHK= enables you to protect yourself against overwriting the input data set.
Syntax: DATASTMTCHK=COREKEYWORDS ALLKEYWORDS NONEUsage: OPTION DATASTMTCHK = COREKEYWORDSDefault: OPTION DATASTMTCHK = COREKEYWORDS

Option CLEANUP

Information:Specifies that during the entire session, SAS attempts to perform automatic, continuous clean-up ofresources that are not essential for execution. Nonessential resources include those that are not visibleto the user (for example, cache memory) and those that are visible to the user (for example, the KEYSwindows).When CLEANUP is in effect and an out-of-resource condition occurs (except for a disk-full condition), arequestor window is not displayed, and no intervention is required by the user. When CLEANUP is ineffect and a disk-full condition occurs, a requester window displays that allows the user to decide howto proceed.
Syntax: CLEANUP NOCLEANUPUsage: options CLEANUP;Default: NOCLEANUP

Option FMTSEARCH

Information:When SAS finds a reference to a user-defined format or informat, it will look for a format catalog called work.Formats. If it finds no such format catalog, or if it does not find the user-defined format in that catalog, it will look for a catalog called library.Formats. If it has no luck there, SAS will go no further unless you tell it where to look. If you name a format catalog anything other than Formats or store it in a library with a libRef other than library, you will need to use the fmtSearch= option to tell SAS where to find the formats. List the format catalogs in parentheses starting with the one you want to search first. SAS searches the format catalogs in the order listed, until the desired member is found. The value of the catalog specification can be either the libRef or libRef.catalog. If only the libRef is given, SAS assumes that Formats is the catalog name.
Syntax: FMTSEARCH=(catalog-specification-1… catalog-specification-n) Usage: options FMTSEARCH=(catalog1 catalog3 catalog3); Default: It searches in all catalogs available. If work and library are not part of the catalogs list specified, they are searched first.

Option NOERRORABEND

Information:The system option ERRORABEND forces an abend(Abnormal End) to occur only when a PROC step is active. The ABORT statement is misplaced in the DATA step below. The system option ERRORABEND does not cause an abend to occur because a PROC step is not active.
Syntax: errorabend Usage: options errorabend; Default: Not Enabled. Additional Info:You can use the following system options to control error handling (resolve errors) in your program:
BYERR – specifies whether SAS produces errors when the SORT procedure attempts to process a _NULL_ data set.
DKRICOND – specifies the level of error detection to report when a variable is missing from an input data set during the processing of a DROP=, KEEP=, and RENAME= data set option.
DKROCOND – specifies the level of error detection to report when a variable is missing from an output data set during the processing of a DROP=, KEEP=, and RENAME= data set option.
DSNFERR – when a SAS data set cannot be found, specifies whether SAS issues an error message.
ERRORABEND-specifies whether SAS responds to errors by terminating.
ERRORCHECK- specifies whether SAS enters syntax-check mode when errors are found in the LIBNAME, FILENAME, %INCLUDE, and LOCK statements.
ERRORS-specifies the maximum number of observations for which SAS issues complete error messages.
FMTERR-when a variable format cannot be found, specifies whether SAS generates an error or continues processing.
INVALIDDATA-specifies the value that SAS assigns to a variable when invalid numeric data is encountered.
MERROR-specifies whether SAS issues a warning message when a macro-like name does not match a macro keyword.
SERROR-specifies whether SAS issues a warning message when a macro variable reference does not match a macro variable.
STEPCHKPT-specifies whether checkpoint-restart data is to be recorded for a batch program.
STEPCHKPTLIB-specifies the libref of the library where checkpoint-restart data is saved.
STEPRESTART-specifies whether to execute a batch program by using checkpoint-restart data.
VNFERR-specifies whether SAS issues an error or warning when a BY variable exists in one data set but not another data set when processing the SET, MERGE, UPDATE, or MODIFY statements.

Option MSGLEVEL=

Information:Controls the level of detail in messages that are written to the SAS log.
Syntax: MSGLEVEL= N I (N-Prints notes, warnings, and error messages only. I-prints additional notes pertaining to index usage, merge processing, sort utilities, and CEDA usage, along with standard notes, warnings, and error messages.)) Usage: options msglevel=i; Default: N. Additional Info:If msglevel=i, It will be useful in cases like…
SAS writes a warning to the SAS log when a MERGE statement would cause variables to be overwritten
SAS writes a message that indicates which sorting product was used.
SAS writes a message that indicates when CEDA (Cross Environment Data Access) is being used to process a SAS file.

Option REALMEMSIZE

Information:Indicates the amount of virtual memory SAS can expect to allocate. Use the REALMEMSIZE system option to optimize the performance of SAS procedures that alter their algorithms and memory usage. Setting the value of REALMEMSIZE too low or too high may result in less than optimal performance.
Syntax: -REALMEMSIZE n nK nM nG hexX MIN MAX Usage: options -REALMEMSIZE MAX; Default: 0.Determined by SAS when SAS starts

Option SLEEPWINDOW

Information:Enables or disables the SLEEP window. The SLEEP window appears when the SLEEP function or the WAKEUP function suspends the execution of a DATA step. The SLEEP window displays the time that remains before the DATA step begins running.
Syntax: -SLEEPWINDOW -NOSLEEPWINDOW Usage: options -SLEEPWINDOW; Default: Enabled.

Option INVALIDDATA

Information:Specifies the value SAS is to assign to a variable when invalid numeric data are encountered. The INVALIDDATA= system option specifies the value that SAS is to assign to a variable when invalid numeric data are read with an INPUT statement or the INPUT function.
Syntax: INVALIDDATA=’character’ Usage: options INVALIDDATA=’xyz’; Default: The default value is a period (.). Additional Info:The syntax that is shown here applies to the OPTIONS statement. On the command line or in a configuration file, the syntax is specific to your operating environment. For details, see the SAS documentation for your operating environment.

Option ERRORS

Information:Controls the maximum number of observations for which complete error messages are printed. If data errors are detected in more than n observations, processing continues, but error messages do not print for the additional errors. Note: If you set ERRORS=0 and an error occurs, a note displays in the log which states that the limit set by the ERRORS option has been exceeded.
Syntax: ERRORS=n nK nM nG nT MIN MAX hexX Usage: options errors=1; (Prints only one error and the system stops processing) Default: By default it prints all errors. Additional Info:The syntax that is shown here applies to the OPTIONS statement. On the command line or in a configuration file, the syntax is specific to your operating environment. For details, see the SAS documentation for your operating environment.

Option COMPRESS

Information:Controls the compression of observations in output SAS datasets.
Syntax: COMPRESS=NO YES CHAR BINARY (CHAR BINARY specified compression techniques) Usage: options COMPRESS=YES; Default: NO. Additional Info:Compressing a file is a process that reduces the number of bytes required to represent each observation. Advantages of compressing a file include reduced storage requirements for the file and fewer I/O operations necessary to read or write to the data during processing. However, more CPU resources are required to read a compressed file (because of the overhead of uncompressing each observation), and there are situations when the resulting file size may increase rather than decrease. Use the COMPRESS= system option to compress all output data sets that are created during a SAS session. Use the option only when you are creating SAS data files (member type DATA). You cannot compress SAS views, because they contain no data.

Option REUSE

Information:Specifies whether new observations are written to free space in compressed SAS datasets. If space is reused, observations that are added to the SAS data set are inserted wherever enough free space exists, instead of at the end of the SAS data set. Specifying REUSE=NO results in less efficient usage of space if you delete or update many observations in a SAS data set. However, the APPEND procedure, the FSEDIT procedure, and other procedures that add observations to the SAS data set continue to add bservations to the end of the data set, as they do for uncompressed SAS data sets.
Syntax: REUSE=YES NO Usage: options REUSE=YES; Default: NO. Additional Info:The REUSE= data set option overrides the REUSE= system option.
PERFORMANCE NOTE: When using COMPRESS=YES and REUSE=YES system options settings, observations cannot be addressed by observation number.
Note that REUSE=YES takes precedence over the POINTOBS=YES data set option setting.

Option OBS

Information:This system option specifies when to stop processing observations or records in the dataset. OBS= tells SAS when to stop processing observations or records. To determine when to stop processing, SAS uses the value for OBS= in a formula that includes the value for OBS= and the value for FIRSTOBS=. The formula is (obs – firstobs) + 1 = results. For example, if OBS=10 and FIRSTOBS=1 (which is the default for FIRSTOBS=), the result is 10 observations or records, that is (10 – 1) + 1 = 10. If OBS=10 and FIRSTOBS=2, the result is nine observations or records, that is, (10 – 2) + 1 = 9.
Syntax: OBS= n nK nM nG nT hexX MIN MAX Usage: options OBS=20; Default: MAX. ie. Alll records in the dataset. Additional Info:You can also use OBS= to control analysis of SAS data sets in PROC steps. E.g: Proc Print

Option YEARCUTOFF

Information:Specifies the first year of a 100-year span that will be used by date informats and functions to read a two-digit year. The YEARCUTOFF= value is the default that is used by various date and datetime informats and functions. If the default value of nnnn (1920) is in effect, the 100-year span begins with 1920 and ends with 2019. Therefore, any informat or function that uses a two-digit year value that ranges from 20 to 99 assumes a prefix of 19. For example, the value 92 refers to the year 1992.
Syntax: YEARCUTOFF= nnnn nnnnn Usage: options YEARCUTOFF=1950; Default: 1920 Additional Info:YEARCUTOFF= has no effect on existing SAS dates or dates that are read from input data that include a four-digit year, except those with leading zeroes. For example, 0076 with yearcutoff=1990 indicates 1976.

Option MPRINT

Information:Displays the SAS statements that are generated by macro execution. This is useful for debugging macros. The MPRINT option displays the text generated by macro execution. Each SAS statement begins a new line. Each line of MPRINT output is identified with the prefix MPRINT(macro-name):, to identify the macro that generates the statement. Tokens that are separated by multiple spaces are printed with one intervening space. Each statement ends with a semicolon.
Syntax: MPRINT NOMPRINT Usage: options MPRINT; Default: NOMPRINT – It does not print the statements Additional Info:You can direct MPRINT output to an external file by also using the MFILE option and assigning the fileref MPRINT to that file. For more information, see MFILE System Option.

Option MLOGIC

Information:Causes the macro processor to trace its execution and to write the trace information to the SAS log. This option is a useful debugging tool. Each line generated by the MLOGIC option is identified with the prefix MLOGIC (macro-name):. If MLOGIC is in effect and the macro processor encounters a macro invocation, the macro processor displays messages that identify 1. The beginning of macro execution 2. Values of macro parameters at invocation 3. Execution of each macro program statement 4. Whether each %IF condition is true or false 5. The ending of macro execution.
Syntax: MLOGIC NOMLOGIC Usage: options MLOGIC; Default: NOMLOGIC – It does not print. Additional Info:Using MLOGIC can produce a great deal of output.

Option SYMBOLGEN

Information:Displays the results of resolving macro variable references. This option is useful for debugging. SYMBOLGEN displays the results in the form: “SYMBOLGEN: Macro variable name resolves to value” This option also indicates when a double ampersand (&& ) resolves to a single ampersand (& ).
Syntax: SYMBOLGEN NOSYMBOLGEN Usage: options SYMBOLGEN; Default: NOSYMBOLGEN – It does not print. Additional Info:It also has an alias that can be remembered easily. SGEN NOSGEN.

Option SASMSTORE

Information:specifies the libref of a SAS library that contains, or will contain, a catalog of stored compiled SAS macros. This libref cannot be WORK.
Syntax: SASMSTORE = libref;Usage: options MSTORED SASMSTORE = libref; libname libref “”;
Default: NOMSTORED
Additional info:It is used with MSTORED.
MSTORED specifies that the macro facility search for stored compiled macros in the SASMACRO catalog of the SAS data library that is referenced by the SASMSTORE option. Regardless of the setting of MSTORED, the macro facility first searches for macros in the SASMACR catalog in the WORK library. If you specify MSTORED and the desired macro is not found in the WORK library, the macro facility searches the SASMACR catalog in the SAS data library that is referenced by SASMSTORE. If you specify NOMSTORED, the subsequent search is not performed.

Option REALMEMSIZE=

Information:
Use the REALMEMSIZE= system option to optimize the performance of SAS procedures that alter their algorithms and memory usage. Setting the value of REALMEMSIZE= too low might result in less than optimal performance.
Syntax: n nK nM nG hexX MIN MAX Usage: options REALMEMSIZE = ; Default: 0 Additional Info:n nK nM nG specifies the amount of memory to reserve in multiples of 1 (bytes); 1,024 (kilobytes); 1,048,576 (megabytes); or 1,073,741,824 (gigabytes), respectively. The value of n can be a decimal value. For example, a value of 8 specifies 8 bytes, a value of .782k specifies 801 bytes, and a value of 3m specifies 3,145,728 bytes. hexX specifies the amount of memory as a hexadecimal value. You must specify the value beginning with a number (0-9), followed by hex digits (0-9, A-F), and then followed by an X. For example, the value 2dx sets the amount of memory to 45 bytes.MIN specifies a value of 0, which indicates that the memory usage is determined by SAS when SAS starts. This is the default value and should not be changed under normal conditions.MAX specifies to set the memory size to the largest permissible value.

Option MISSING
Information:
Use the MISSING = ‘Character’ system option to specify a character for the missing numeric values.
Syntax:MISSING=’character’Usage: options MISSING = ‘N’
Option TERMSTMT
Information:Specifies the SAS statements to be executed at SAS termination.
Syntax :TERMSTMT=’statement(s)’ Usage: TERMSTMT= is fully supported in batch mode. In interactive modes, TERMSTMT= is executed only when you submit the ENDSAS statement from an editor window to terminate the SAS session. Terminating SAS by any other means in interactive mode results in TERMSTMT= not being execute

Option MergeNoBy=error

Information:
Sometimes unintentionally we merge the data sets without the “By ….” statement, which can cause total chaos to our result data. Fortunately SAS allows us to refuse such instruction. The MergeNoBy=error option will not let user create such data set. It will show EROR Msg. in the Log.
If we specify something like Options mergeNoBy = Warn; (This is default case in SAS9.1 edition.)
We will get a Warning in the Log and data set will be created.

If we change this option to Options mergeNoBy = error;
We will get Error in Log and data set will not be created.
ERROR: No BY statement was specified for a MERGE statement.
WARNING: The data set LIB.MERGE may be incomplete. When this step was stopped there were 0 observations and 4 variables.

On the rare occasion that you do want to merge with no By statement, code
Options mergeNoBy=noWarn ; immediately before the Data step and
Options mergeNoBy=error ; immediately after.

Syntax: MergeNoBy = Error/Warn/NoWarn
Usage: Options MergeNoBy = Error; While merging the data sets, whether user want to use “By” statement or not.
Default: WARNING, SAS9.1 will warn the user and also create the data set.